These may naturally harbor the organism because it may grow in that environment. Nonliving reservoirs can include soil and water in the environment. Reservoirs can be living organisms or nonliving sites. Reservoirs and Carriersįor pathogens to persist over long periods of time they require reservoir s where they normally reside. This section will explore where pathogens survive-both inside and outside hosts-and some of the many ways they move from one host to another. Hosts have evolved defenses against pathogens, but because their rates of evolution are typically slower than their pathogens (because their generation times are longer), hosts are usually at an evolutionary disadvantage. Pathogens often have elaborate adaptations to exploit host biology, behavior, and ecology to live in and move between hosts. But having infected one host, all pathogens must also have a mechanism of transfer from one host to another or they will die when their host dies. Many pathogens require a living host to survive, while others may be able to persist in a dormant state outside of a living host. Understanding how infectious pathogens spread is critical to preventing infectious disease.
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